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alhasan18
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My Personal Dreams Nov 28, 2020 16:36:44 GMT 11
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Post by alhasan18 on Nov 28, 2020 16:36:44 GMT 11
Dream 1: To be absolutely the Mahdi
(Age:0-17)(Abdi)
Dream 2: To Restore the Caliphate
(Age 18 - 19)
(Prince Arthur)
Dream 3: To Build the world to Allah's Design with The Other Leaders of Quraysh
(Age 19-25)
(The Mahdi)
Dream 4: To Build A School and Rule as it's Principal and teach my Family
(Age 26 - 35)
(Gakuho Asano)
Dream 5: To Clean up the World of Criminals as a Police Officer
(Age 40 - 44)
(Kureo Mado)
Dream 6: To be a Scholar,an Imam and Have The World to Teach.(Age 50 - 54)
(Solomon Muto)
Dream 7: To enter Jannat ul Firdaws
(Hikmatullah)
A Prophet's Dua
May Allah swt make this dunya easy for us. May He swt ease our affairs for us and grant us all that is good for us, in our deen, duniya and aakhirah. May Allah swt grant to those people who are looking out to get married, spouses who will be the coolness and comfort of their eyes. May He swt grant to those, who want to have children, beautiful, healthy and righteous children, who will become a means of comfort and Jannah for them. May Allah swt grant Shafaa to all the sick people, may He swt cure their illnesses. May He swt make the journey of aakhirah easy and beautiful for us.
Ameen.
Last Edit: Feb 20, 2021 2:02:53 GMT 11 by alhasan18
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My Personal Dreams Apr 8, 2024 19:46:16 GMT 11
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Post by mahdirannabiran18 on Apr 8, 2024 19:46:16 GMT 11
A Prophet's Dua
May Allah swt make this dunya easy for us. May He swt ease our affairs for us and grant us all that is good for us, in our deen, duniya and aakhirah. May Allah swt grant to those people who are looking out to get married, spouses who will be the coolness and comfort of their eyes. May He swt grant to those, who want to have children, beautiful, healthy and righteous children, who will become a means of comfort and Jannah for them. May Allah swt grant Shafaa to all the sick people, may He swt cure their illnesses. May He swt make the journey of aakhirah easy and beautiful for us.
Ameen.
Dream 1: To be absolutely the Mahdi
(Age:0-17)(Abdi)
Dream 2: To Restore the Caliphate
(Age 18 - 19)
(Prince Arthur)
Dream 3: To Build the world to Allah's Design with The Other Leaders of Quraysh
(Age 19-25)
(The Mahdi)
Dream 4: To Build A School and Rule as it's Principal and teach my Family
(Age 26 - 35)
(Gakuho Asano)
Dream 5: To Clean up the World of Criminals as a Police Officer
(Age 40 - 44)
(Kureo Mado)
Dream 6: To be a Scholar,an Imam and Have The World to Teach.(Age 50 - 54)
(Solomon Muto)
Dream 7: To enter Jannat ul Firdaws
(Hikmatullah)
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My list of 100 dreams.
BY ANNE BOGEL
IN MY LIFE, THE EXAMINED LIFE
49 COMMENTS | COMMENT
For almost 5 years, I’ve been trying to complete an exercise I first read about in Laura Vanderkam’s book 168 Hours: You Have More Time Than You Think: create a personal list of 100 dreams.
The idea is this: to help you think through how you want to spend your time (in the big-picture sense) brainstorm an unedited list of anything you want to do (or want to do more of) in your life.
I made my first attempt right after reading the book for the first time back in 2011. It was harder than I thought: I only put 27 items on my list.
I’ve made a couple of stabs at a full 100-item list since then. For some reason, this exercise has been on my mind recently, and when we prepped for our big drive down to Florida last week, I packed a legal pad and a pen and warned Will this was happening (and that I needed his ideas).
(This wasn’t actually all that unusual: we have a long history of talking Crazy Talk in the car.)
Logging 10.5 hours in the car (even when split over two days) has an upside: I did it.
There’s no way I’m posting the full list here (we could call it “too much typing,” but “too much vulnerability” is probably more like it) but today I’m sharing a snippet.
Here’s the deal: grab a pen and some paper and start writing. Don’t edit yourself, but I would encourage you to go for experiences over material things, and to think about the local stuff as well as the once-in-a-lifetime big experiences. I tried to keep things relatively concrete and measurable (as opposed to “experience world peace,” for example).
I divided my list into 3 sections to make brainstorming easier, and I’m preserving those categories here:
A selection from my list of 100 dreams:
Personal
Host dinner parties. Or start/join a supper club.
Steward a Little Free Library.
Take art classes.
Go away for a girls’ weekend.
Get really familiar with our local parks system. I want to know the trails like the back of my hand.
Learn to use chopsticks. (I try, but I am terrible.)
Plant a garden bursting with tulips.
And a garden bed spilling over with zinnias.
Find and perfect a signature dish.
Learn to dance (ballroom, swing, I don’t even know).
Do a pull-up.
Travel
Visit the Pacific Northwest with the kids.
And the California coast with the kids.
Visit the Abbey of Gethsemani (local to us, but we’ve never been).
And Mammoth Cave with the kids (also local, but I haven’t been since I was a kid).
Revisit the International Wine Festival in Budapest (Will and I just happened to be in town for this the last time we were in Europe, and it was magical).
Visit a ton of indie bookstores: Powell’s, Parnassus, the Little Bookstore of Big Stone Gap, and any others we happen to be near or can manage to get to.
Take a small town road trip (definitely inspired by our recent experience).
Visit the Grand Canyon.
And at least five other national parks. (I’ve only been to Mt. Rainer …)
Take the kids to Europe.
Take an architecture tour in Barcelona.
Professional
Write a few real book reviews. (I write about books a lot, but I rarely write formal reviews.)
Develop stellar interview skills.
Go on a writing retreat or take a formal writing class.
Write some poetry as a skill-building exercise.
Write a nonfiction book.
And a novel.
Write a long-form piece and publish it somewhere.
Become an expert at something.
Learn to take great photos.
And edit them.
Support others in their work in tangible, practical ways.
Want to make your own list? Please do! And tell me a few things you would put on YOUR list in comments.
A,MEN...,,,|||B,Y,EG.O.O.D.B.Y.E,L.O,V.E!!!!!||||||||S?E?E?Y?A?
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{Me Forever} Who I am and What I am (No More to I but Me) Apr 25, 2024 10:46:00 GMT 11
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Post by mahdirannabiran18 on Apr 25, 2024 10:46:00 GMT 11
A
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{Me Forever} Who I am and What I am (No More to I but Me) Apr 25, 2024 12:15:42 GMT 11
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Post by mahdirannabiran18 on Apr 25, 2024 12:15:42 GMT 11
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Rules of the Death Note
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Rules of the Death Note
Rules first page
The Rules of the Death Note are the official rules that govern how the Death Notes work.
Ryuk writes five of the rules down into his second Death Note before dropping it into the human world so that whichever human picks it up will know the basics of how to use it. Additional rules are revealed throughout the series.
For a full list of the original rules, see Rules of the Death Note/Manga Chapter Rules.
Contents
1 Manga chapter rules
2 How to Read rules
3 Fake rules
4 In other media
4.1 Pilot chapter
4.2 Japanese film series
4.3 Netflix 2017 film
5 See also
Manga chapter rules
Main article: Rules of the Death Note/Manga Chapter Rules
These are the full-page rules provided at the end of manga chapters titled "How to Use It," and they are the main rules of the series. The rules are essentially identical in the anime, and are the original rules on which the other adaptations are based.
The first five rules are the ones Ryuk wrote in the Death Note, and which are provided with the first "How to Use It" page:
# Title Chapter Page
1 How to Use It: I Chapter 1: Boredom Rules I
The human whose name is written in this note shall die.
This note will not take effect unless the writer has the person's face in their mind when writing his/her name. Therefore, people sharing the same name will not be affected.
If the cause of death is written within the next 40 seconds of writing the person's name, it will happen.
If the cause of death is not specified, the person will simply die of a heart attack.
After writing the cause of death, details of the death should be written in the next 6 minutes and 40 seconds.
A total of 70 pages (68 in Viz's edition) were released. The Japanese mis-numbered two of their rules, reusing the numbers again; Viz instead removed two pages so that the numbers wouldn't be duplicated. Viz also renumbered some of these rules. This issue is only in rules released in volume 7.
How to Read rules
Main article: Rules of the Death Note/How to Read Rules
The original manga rules were reorganized by subject in the manga guidebook Death Note 13: How to Read. They are essentially the same as the original manga rules.
For a full list of these rules, see Rules of the Death Note/How to Read Rules.
Fake rules
Fake rules
Fake rules
Main article: Fake Death Note Rules
In the series, Light Yagami convinces Ryuk to write down fake rules to mislead investigators and clear himself and Misa Amane of suspicion.
These are the fake rules that Ryuk writes in the Death Note:
If the person using this Note fails to consecutively write names of people to be killed within 13 days of each other, then the user will die.
If you make this Note unusable by tearing it up or burning it, all the humans who have touched the Note till then will die.
In other media
With the exception of Netflix's 2017 film, the adaptations mostly honor the original canon rules.
Pilot chapter
In the manga pilot chapter, there is nothing written in the notebook when Taro Kagami first picks it up. The rules are later explained by Ryuk.
Some of the rules are different than what's later used in the manga. For instance, Ryuk says in the pilot chapter that "the notebook has 60 pages with 38 lines per page," and that when the owner runs out of space to write in the notebook, they "may ask the original Shinigami owner for another." In the manga canon rules (How to Use It: XXXI), it's stated that "the number of pages of the Death Note will never run out."
Rules provided in the pilot chapter:
The notebook has 60 pages with 38 lines per page. If you write small, you can cram in as many names as you want.
The Shinigami's voice and form will go completely unnoticed by others.
In return for letting you keep the notebook, the Shinigami may take it back at any time.
Those who do not wish to be followed by the Shinigami can get rid of him simply by giving the notebook back or throwing it away.
It is up to the owner to decide how to use the notebook -- whether it be for world conquest, getting rid of that one guy, or choosing to not keep such a terrifying item.
This Death Note can only be used by the one who found it. If the owner throws it away or loses it, the right of ownership is automatically transferred to whoever next picks it up.
One must know the face of the person whose name is written down for there to be an effect. That way, people with the same names will not be affected all at once.
If you write a cause of death after the name like this: (Name) died from (cause), then that will happen.
You can write with any pen: the color doesn't matter. If you use a sticker with a name printed on it, there will be no effect. Please write directly onto the notebook. It would be a good idea to change your handwriting as much as possible.
These letters cannot be erased. (Arrow pointed at the words "Death Note" on the cover.)
If the cover is destroyed, the notebook cannot be used.
Be careful not to let other people see it.
You will not die if you write your name here, but it is not recommended. (Arrow pointed at the cover.)
When you run out of room to write in the notebook, you may ask the original Shinigami owner for another. How many Death Notes would you need?
The pilot chapter also includes the Death Eraser, which can undo deaths. Ryuk explains:
"If you erase a name in the notebook with this, that person will come back to life -- so long as he hasn't been cremated yet."
Japanese film series
In the opening sequence for Death Note: The Last Name, the second rule in How to Use It is shortened to "This note will not affect people sharing the same name."
Netflix 2017 film
Main article: Rules of the Death Note/2017 film rules
Some major changes to the rules were made for Netflix's 2017 Death Note film. Most notably: the default cause of death is a random accident (instead of a heart attack), a victim can only be controlled for 2 days (instead of 23 days), and a person whose name is written in the notebook can be spared if the page is destroyed before their death.
Most rules in the Death Note used in the film are rephrased versions of the original rules. Several of the rules still reference heart attacks as the default cause of death, although this was changed in the storyline, so the rules seen written in the film are not necessarily applicable.
See also
Death Note (object), for general information about the notebooks
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Post by mahdirannabiran18 on Apr 25, 2024 13:02:31 GMT 11
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{Me Forever} Who I am and What I am (No More to I but Me) Apr 25, 2024 15:46:40 GMT 11
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Post by mahdirannabiran18 on Apr 25, 2024 15:46:40 GMT 11
-HACKING_Working on bionic
=================
What are the big pieces of bionic?
----------------------------------
libc/ --- libc.so, libc.a
The C library. Stuff like fopen(3) and kill(2).
libm/ --- libm.so, libm.a
The math library. Traditionally Unix systems kept stuff like sin(3) and
cos(3) in a separate library to save space in the days before shared
libraries.
libdl/ --- libdl.so
The dynamic linker interface library. This is actually just a bunch of
stubs that the dynamic linker replaces with pointers to its own
implementation at runtime. This is where stuff like dlopen(3) lives.
libstdc++/ --- libstdc++.so
The C++ ABI support functions. The C++ compiler doesn't know how to
implement thread-safe static initialization and the like, so it just calls
functions that are supplied by the system. Stuff like __cxa_guard_acquire
and __cxa_pure_virtual live here.
linker/ --- /system/bin/linker and /system/bin/linker64
The dynamic linker. When you run a dynamically-linked executable, its ELF
file has a DT_INTERP entry that says "use the following program to start me".
On Android, that's either linker or linker64 (depending on whether it's a
32-bit or 64-bit executable). It's responsible for loading the ELF executable
into memory and resolving references to symbols (so that when your code tries
to jump to fopen(3), say, it lands in the right place).
tests/ --- unit tests
The tests/ directory contains unit tests. Roughly arranged as one file per
publicly-exported header file.
benchmarks/ --- benchmarks
The benchmarks/ directory contains benchmarks.
What's in libc/?
----------------
libc/
arch-arm/
arch-arm64/
arch-common/
arch-mips/
arch-mips64/
arch-x86/
arch-x86_64/
# Each architecture has its own subdirectory for stuff that isn't shared
# because it's architecture-specific. There will be a .mk file in here that
# drags in all the architecture-specific files.
bionic/
# Every architecture needs a handful of machine-specific assembler files.
# They live here.
include/
machine/
# The majority of header files are actually in libc/include/, but many
# of them pull in a <machine/something.h> for things like limits,
# endianness, and how floating point numbers are represented. Those
# headers live here.
string/
# Most architectures have a handful of optional assembler files
# implementing optimized versions of various routines. The <string.h>
# functions are particular favorites.
syscalls/
# The syscalls directories contain script-generated assembler files.
# See 'Adding system calls' later.
include/
# The public header files on everyone's include path. These are a mixture of
# files written by us and files taken from BSD.
kernel/
# The kernel uapi header files. These are scrubbed copies of the originals
# in external/kernel-headers/. These files must not be edited directly. The
# generate_uapi_headers.sh script should be used to go from a kernel tree to
# external/kernel-headers/ --- this takes care of the architecture-specific
# details. The update_all.py script should be used to regenerate bionic's
# scrubbed headers from external/kernel-headers/.
private/
# These are private header files meant for use within bionic itself.
stdio/
stdlib/
unistd/
# These are legacy files of unknown provenance. In the past, bionic was a
# mess of random versions of random files from all three of FreeBSD, NetBSD,
# and OpenBSD! We've been working to clean that up, but these directories
# are basically where all the stuff we haven't got to yet lives.
dns/
# Contains the DNS resolver (originates from NetBSD code).
upstream-dlmalloc/
upstream-freebsd/
upstream-netbsd/
upstream-openbsd/
# These directories contain unmolested upstream source. Any time we can
# just use a BSD implementation of something unmodified, we should.
# The structure under these directories mimics the upstream tree,
# but there's also...
android/
include/
# This is where we keep the hacks necessary to build BSD source
# in our world. The *-compat.h files are automatically included
# using -include, but we also provide equivalents for missing
# header/source files needed by the BSD implementation.
bionic/
# This is the biggest mess. The C++ files are files we own, typically
# because the Linux kernel interface is sufficiently different that we
# can't use any of the BSD implementations. The C files are usually
# legacy mess that needs to be sorted out, either by replacing it with
# current upstream source in one of the upstream directories or by
# switching the file to C++ and cleaning it up.
tools/
# Various tools used to maintain bionic.
tzcode/
# A modified superset of the IANA tzcode. Most of the modifications relate
# to Android's use of a single file (with corresponding index) to contain
# time zone data.
zoneinfo/
# Android-format time zone data.
# See 'Updating tzdata' later.
Adding system calls
-------------------
Adding a system call usually involves:
1. Add entries to SYSCALLS.TXT.
See SYSCALLS.TXT itself for documentation on the format.
2. Run the gensyscalls.py script.
3. Add constants (and perhaps types) to the appropriate header file.
Note that you should check to see whether the constants are already in
kernel uapi header files, in which case you just need to make sure that
the appropriate POSIX header file in libc/include/ includes the
relevant file or files.
4. Add function declarations to the appropriate header file.
5. Add at least basic tests. Even a test that deliberately supplies
an invalid argument helps check that we're generating the right symbol
and have the right declaration in the header file. (And strace(1) can
confirm that the correct system call is being made.)
Updating kernel header files
----------------------------
As mentioned above, this is currently a two-step process:
1. Use generate_uapi_headers.sh to go from a Linux source tree to appropriate
contents for external/kernel-headers/.
2. Run update_all.py to scrub those headers and import them into bionic.
Updating tzdata
---------------
This is fully automated:
1. Run update-tzdata.py.-REAL-GAME MASTERMINDING--INFJ ENFJ INTJ--INFJ INTJ INTP INFJ INTJ---
-DELETEDNOWANDFOREVER--{Me Forever} Who I am and What I am (No More to I but Me) ~-------------Z_[C]_{SESSIONS[FORWARDING PROFESSIONALISM](ANTI-MW3}-+INTJ INFJ ESTJ INTJ ESFJ)))***&&&%%%$$#@!-
,F.
+!*ALLNEWANDINSESSIONS!#*+.
-=-=-_-THE MASTER SESSIONS-_-=-=
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Post by mahdirannabiran18 on Apr 25, 2024 19:16:05 GMT 11
!MULTI-SESSIONED@#[{(,A-ALPHABETNUMERIC.
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!{Me Forever} Who I am and What I am (No More to I but Me)
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DeathNote
Death Note is a manga series written by Tsugumi Ohba and illustrated by Takeshi Obata. The manga chapters were serialized in the weekly Japanese magazine Weekly Shonen Jump from 2003 until 2006, with the chapters compiled in a total of 12 tankbonbon volumes and released by Shueisha.
Contents
1 Series Dictionary
2 Profiles
2.1 All Kira
2.2 Wammy's House
2.3 Others
2.4 Shinigami
3 Items
4 Fun Facts
Series Dictionary
Shinigami: they are a race of extra-dimensional beings that survive by killing humans to prolong their own lives. If they kill someone to prolong the life of a human, the Shinigami will die. They can only be seen by humans who have touched your Death Note.
Profiles
All Kira
Light Yagami
Misa Amane
Teru Mikami
Kyousuke Higuchi
Minoru Tanaka
Wammy's House
L
Quillish Wammy
Near
Mello
Matt
Beyond Birthday
Others
Touta Matsuda
Souichirou Yagami
Kiyomi Takada
Naomi Misora
Raye Penber
Shinigami
Ryuk
Rem
Jealous
Shidoh
Items
Death Note: The Death Note is a notebook that Shinigami uses to kill people. They can give these notebooks to humans if they want, so they can also kill people. To kill someone, the user just needs to write someone's name without abbreviating, so, within 40 seconds, the person with the name written on the notebook will die of a heart attack. The cause of death and the time can also be specified, as long as it is possible for this death to occur.
Fun Facts
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Death Note
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DeathNote
Death Note is a manga series written by Tsugumi Ohba and illustrated by Takeshi Obata. The manga chapters were serialized in the weekly Japanese magazine Weekly Shonen Jump from 2003 until 2006, with the chapters compiled in a total of 12 tankbonbon volumes and released by Shueisha.
Contents
1 Series Dictionary
2 Profiles
2.1 All Kira
2.2 Wammy's House
2.3 Others
2.4 Shinigami
3 Items
4 Fun Facts
Series Dictionary
Shinigami: they are a race of extra-dimensional beings that survive by killing humans to prolong their own lives. If they kill someone to prolong the life of a human, the Shinigami will die. They can only be seen by humans who have touched your Death Note.
Profiles
All Kira
Light Yagami
Misa Amane
Teru Mikami
Kyousuke Higuchi
Minoru Tanaka
Wammy's House
L
Quillish Wammy
Near
Mello
Matt
Beyond Birthday
Others
Touta Matsuda
Souichirou Yagami
Kiyomi Takada
Naomi Misora
Raye Penber
Shinigami
Ryuk
Rem
Jealous
Shidoh
Items
Death Note: The Death Note is a notebook that Shinigami uses to kill people. They can give these notebooks to humans if they want, so they can also kill people. To kill someone, the user just needs to write someone's name without abbreviating, so, within 40 seconds, the person with the name written on the notebook will die of a heart attack. The cause of death and the time can also be specified, as long as it is possible for this death to occur.
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Battleship (game)
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the class of warship, see Battleship. For the logic puzzle, see Battleship (puzzle). For the video games, see Battleship (1993 video game), Battleship (1996 video game), and Battleship (2012 video game). For other uses, see Battleship (disambiguation).
BattleshipThe Classic Naval Combat Game
Battleship board
Other names Sea Battle
Publishers
Starex (1931–?)[1]
Milton Bradley (1967–2009)[2]
Hasbro
Publication 1931; 93 years ago
Years active 1931–present
Genres Strategy
Guessing
Players 2
Playing time 30'
Age range 8+
Battleship (also known as Battleships or Sea Battle[3]) is a strategy type guessing game for two players. It is played on ruled grids (paper or board) on which each player's fleet of warships are marked. The locations of the fleets are concealed from the other player. Players alternate turns calling "shots" at the other player's ships, and the objective of the game is to destroy the opposing player's fleet.
Battleship is known worldwide as a pencil and paper game which dates from World War I. It was published by various companies as a pad-and-pencil game in the 1930s and was released as a plastic board game by Milton Bradley in 1967. The game has spawned electronic versions, video games, smart device apps and a film.
History
The game of Battleship is thought to have its origins in the French game L'Attaque played during World War I, although parallels have also been drawn to E. I. Horsman's 1890 game Basilinda,[1] and the game is said to have been played by Russian officers before World War I.[4] The first commercial version of the game was Salvo, published in 1931 in the United States by the Starex company. Other versions of the game were printed in the 1930s and 1940s, including the Strathmore Company's Combat: The Battleship Game, Milton Bradley's Broadsides: A Game of Naval Strategy and Maurice L. Freedman's Warfare Naval Combat. Strategy Games Co. produced a version called Wings which pictured planes flying over the Los Angeles Coliseum. All of these early editions of the game consisted of pre-printed pads of paper.[1]
A map of one player's ships and the hits against them, from a game in progress. The grey boxes are the ships placed by the player, and the cross marks show the squares that their opponent has fired upon. The player would be tracking the success of their own shots in a separate grid
In 1967 Milton Bradley introduced a version of the game that used plastic boards and pegs. Conceived by Ed Hutchins, play was on pegboards using miniature plastic ships. In 1977, Milton Bradley also released a computerized Electronic Battleship,[5] a pioneering microprocessor-based toy, capable of generating various sounds.[6] Electronic Battleship was designed by Dennis Wyman and Bing McCoy.[citation needed] It was followed in 1989 by Electronic Talking Battleship.[7] In 2008, an updated version of Battleship was released, using hexagonal tiles. In the updated version, each player's board contains several islands on which "captured man" figurines can be placed. Ships may be placed only around the islands, and only in the player's half of the board. When the movie Battleship was released, the board game reverted to the original 1967 style. The 2008 updated version is still available as Battleship Islands.
Battleship was one of the earliest games to be produced as a computer game, with a version being released for the Z80 Compucolor in 1979.[1][8] Many computer editions of the game have been produced since. In Clubhouse Games for the Nintendo DS, Battleship is known as Grid Attack.[9] It is played on a 7×7 grid,[10] and includes slight variations, such as four-player gameplay, and various ship sizes and shapes. Versions of Battleship appear as applications on numerous social networking services.
Battleship was also part of Hasbro Family Game Night for the PlayStation 2 and Wii, as well as the Xbox 360 (Xbox Live Arcade). These alter the rules, including the size of the grid (8×12 in the NES version, 8×8 in the Game Boy version), size of ships (it is common to feature a submarine that takes up a single square) and special shot missiles for each ship. For example, in the NES version, the cruiser has a five-shot missile which strikes five squares in an X pattern on the grid in one turn. Submarine-tracking sonar and aerial reconnaissance to spot ships are also features.
A minigame version of Battleship was used in the third season of The Hub's Family Game Night, which uses a 5×5 grid and the first team to sink three ships wins the game.
In 2012, the military science fiction action movie Battleship was released, which was inspired by the Milton Bradley board game, which this adaptation is an alien invasion-theme movie. A version of Battleship based on the movie was released in which one side had alien ship playing pieces.
In 1973 a spin-off version was released under the name Sub Search. Employing a three-dimensional play area, battleships drop depth charges on submarines hidden on a multi-level board.
In one episode of the Amazon Prime Video show The Grand Tour, presenters Richard Hammond and James May played a game of Battleship with two cranes (colored red and green) and 20 REVAi vehicles as missiles. The ships ranged from cars to campervans.
Description
The game is played on four grids, two for each player. The grids are typically square – usually 10×10 – and the individual squares in the grid are identified by letter and number.[11] On one grid the player arranges ships and records the shots by the opponent. On the other grid, the player records their own shots.
Before play begins, each player secretly arranges their ships on their primary grid. Each ship occupies a number of consecutive squares on the grid, arranged either horizontally or vertically. The number of squares for each ship is determined by the type of ship. The ships cannot overlap (i.e., only one ship can occupy any given square in the grid). The types and numbers of ships allowed are the same for each player. These may vary depending on the rules. The ships should be hidden from players sight and it's not allowed to see each other's pieces. The game is a discovery game which players need to discover their opponents ship positions.[12]
The 1990 Milton Bradley version of the rules specify the following ships:[13]
No. Class of ship Size
1 Carrier 5
2 Battleship 4
3 Cruiser 3
4 Submarine 3
5 Destroyer 2
In 2002, Hasbro renamed the Cruiser to Destroyer, taking three squares, and introduced a new two-square ship called the Patrol Boat.[14]
No. Class of ship Size
1 Carrier 5
2 Battleship 4
3 Destroyer 3
4 Submarine 3
5 Patrol Boat 2
After the ships have been positioned, the game proceeds in a series of rounds. In each round, each player takes a turn to announce a target square in the opponent's grid which is to be shot at. The opponent announces whether or not the square is occupied by a ship. If it is a "hit", the player who is hit marks this on their own "ocean" or grid (with a red peg in the pegboard version), and announces what ship was hit. The attacking player marks the hit or miss on their own "tracking" or "target" grid with a pencil marking in the paper version of the game, or the appropriate color peg in the pegboard version (red for "hit", white for "miss"), in order to build up a picture of the opponent's fleet.
When all of the squares of a ship have been hit, the ship's owner announces the sinking of the Carrier, Submarine, Cruiser/Destroyer/Patrol Boat, or the titular Battleship. If all of a player's ships have been sunk, the game is over and their opponent wins.
Variations
Players in a Battleship tournament aboard USS George H.W. Bush
In the 1931 Salvo edition of the game, players target a specified number of squares at one time, and all of the squares are attacked simultaneously. A player may initially target five (one for each unsunk ship) squares per turn, and the amount of shots decreases when one of the player's ships are lost.[4] In other variants of this mechanic, the number of shots allowed to fire each turn may either be fixed at five for the whole game, be equal to the number of unsunk ships belonging to the player, or be equal to the size of the player's largest undamaged ship.[1] The opponent may either call the result of each shot in turn or simply announce the hits or misses. E.g.: "two hits and three misses", leaving their opponent to work out the consequences of the salvo.[1] In the modern Milton Bradley rules for Battleship, Salvo is listed as a variation "for more experienced players", with the number of shots being equal to the number of ships that the firing player has remaining.[13]
One variant of Battleship allows players to decline to announce that a ship has been sunk, requiring their opponent to take further shots in order to confirm that an area is clear.[1] Another variant of the rule allows a player to move one of their ships to a new, uncalled location every fourth or fifth move.[1]
A variant popular [citation needed] in the United Kingdom is for each player to also have five mines. These occupy one square each and are placed on the board in the same manner as the ships. When a player's guess hits a mine on an opponent's board it destroys anything in that square and the eight immediately surrounding squares on the board of the player making the guess.
Reviews
Family Games: The 100 Best[15]
See also
Battleship (1993 video game)
Super Battleship
Battleship (1996 video game)
Battleship: Surface Thunder
Battleship (film)
Battleship (2012 video game), a tie-in to the film above
Battleship (puzzle)
Battleships (video game)
Mugwump, a 1973 computer game
Wargame
References
Hinebaugh, Jeffrey P. (2009). A Board Game Education. R&L Education. ISBN 9781607092605.
Battleship Game, 1985-1991 on Thehenryford.org
"Play School Age: Sea Battle a Free Game at Fupa Games". Fupa.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
"Salvo Is New Game With a Nautical Air". The Milwaukee Journal. 1 July 1931. Retrieved 18 February 2013.[permanent dead link]
"Electronic Battleship". BoardGameGeek. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
Mennie, Don (1977). "Self-contained electronic games: New toys, from chess to football – and all designed with dedicated microcircuits and LEDs – make their debut this holiday season". IEEE Spectrum. 14 (12): 24–25. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.1977.6501716. ISSN 1939-9340.
"Electronic Talking Battleship". BoardGameGeek. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
titan.apiit.edu.my/pagol/projectinfo.asp?txtID=TP010249[permanent dead link]
"Clubhouse Games". Touch! Generations. Nintendo. Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
Wi-Fi対応 世界のだれでもアソビ大全:Wi-Fi対応世界のだれでもアソビ大全はどんなゲーム? グリッドアタック. Nintendo (Japan) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
"Salvo – Complete Rules for Battleships Game". Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
"Battleship". The Big Game Hunter. 5 February 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
"Battleship Rules" (PDF). Hasbro. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
Lowder, James (19 February 2024). Family games : The 100 best. Green Ronin. ISBN 978-1-934547-21-2.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battleship (game).
Battleship Official Hasbro Rules – Rulebook insert for Battleship (2002 version)
Battleship at BoardGameGeek
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Battleship
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the class of warship. For the game, see Battleship (game). For other types of military ships, see warship. For other uses, see Battleship (disambiguation).
The firepower of a battleship's main armament demonstrated by USS Iowa unleashing a broadside volley, during which the muzzle blasts from its 16-inch main guns distort the surrounding ocean surface.
A battleship is a large, heavily armored warship with a main battery consisting of large-caliber guns, designed to serve as capital ships with the most intense firepower. Before the rise of supercarriers, battleships were among the largest and most formidable weapon systems ever built.
The term battleship came into use in the late 1880s to describe a type of ironclad warship,[1] now referred to by historians as pre-dreadnought battleships. In 1906, the commissioning of HMS Dreadnought into the United Kingdom's Royal Navy heralded a revolution in the field of battleship design. Subsequent battleship designs, influenced by HMS Dreadnought, were referred to as "dreadnoughts", though the term eventually became obsolete as dreadnoughts became the only type of battleship in common use.
Battleships dominated naval warfare in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and were a symbol of naval dominance and national might, and for decades were a major intimidation factor for power projection in both diplomacy and military strategy.[2] A global arms race in battleship construction began in Europe in the 1890s and culminated at the decisive Battle of Tsushima in 1905,[3][4][5][6] the outcome of which significantly influenced the design of HMS Dreadnought.[7][8][9] The launch of Dreadnought in 1906 commenced a new naval arms race. Three major fleet actions between steel battleships took place: the long-range gunnery duel at the Battle of the Yellow Sea[10] in 1904, the decisive Battle of Tsushima in 1905 (both during the Russo-Japanese War) and the inconclusive Battle of Jutland in 1916, during the First World War. Jutland was the largest naval battle and the only full-scale clash of dreadnoughts of the war, and it was the last major battle in naval history fought primarily by battleships.[11]
The Naval Treaties of the 1920s and 1930s limited the number of battleships, though technical innovation in battleship design continued. Both the Allied and Axis powers built battleships during World War II, though the increasing importance of the aircraft carrier meant that the battleship played a less important role than had been expected in that conflict.
The value of the battleship has been questioned, even during their heyday.[12] There were few of the decisive fleet battles that battleship proponents expected and used to justify the vast resources spent on building battlefleets. Even in spite of their huge firepower and protection, battleships were increasingly vulnerable to much smaller and relatively inexpensive weapons: initially the torpedo and the naval mine, and later attack aircraft and the guided missile.[13] The growing range of naval engagements led to the aircraft carrier replacing the battleship as the leading capital ship during World War II, with the last battleship to be launched being HMS Vanguard in 1944. Four battleships were retained by the United States Navy until the end of the Cold War for fire support purposes and were last used in combat during the Gulf War in 1991, and then struck from the U.S. Naval Vessel Register in the 2000s. Many World War II-era battleships remain today as museum ships.
History
Ships of the line
Main article: Ship of the line
Napoléon (1850), the world's first steam-powered battleship
A ship of the line was a large, unarmored wooden sailing ship which mounted a battery of up to 120 smoothbore guns and carronades, which came to prominence with the adoption of line of battle tactics in the early 17th century and the end of the sailing battleship's heyday in the 1830s. From 1794, the alternative term 'line of battle ship' was contracted (informally at first) to 'battle ship' or 'battleship'.[14]
The sheer number of guns fired broadside meant a ship of the line could wreck any wooden enemy, holing her hull, knocking down masts, wrecking her rigging, and killing her crew. However, the effective range of the guns was as little as a few hundred yards, so the battle tactics of sailing ships depended in part on the wind.[citation needed]
Over time, ships of the line gradually became larger and carried more guns, but otherwise remained quite similar. The first major change to the ship of the line concept was the introduction of steam power as an auxiliary propulsion system. Steam power was gradually introduced to the navy in the first half of the 19th century, initially for small craft and later for frigates.[citation needed] The French Navy introduced steam to the line of battle with the 90-gun Napoléon in 1850[15]—the first true steam battleship.[16] Napoléon was armed as a conventional ship-of-the-line, but her steam engines could give her a speed of 12 knots (22 km/h), regardless of the wind. This was a potentially decisive advantage in a naval engagement. The introduction of steam accelerated the growth in size of battleships. France and the United Kingdom were the only countries to develop fleets of wooden steam screw battleships although several other navies operated small numbers of screw battleships, including Russia (9), the Ottoman Empire (3), Sweden (2), Naples (1), Denmark (1) and Austria (1).[17][2]
Ironclads
Main article: Ironclad warship
The French Gloire (1859), the first ocean-going ironclad warship
The adoption of steam power was only one of a number of technological advances which revolutionized warship design in the 19th century.[citation needed] The ship of the line was overtaken by the ironclad: powered by steam, protected by metal armor, and armed with guns firing high-explosive shells.[citation needed]
Explosive shells
Guns that fired explosive or incendiary shells were a major threat to wooden ships, and these weapons quickly became widespread after the introduction of 8-inch shell guns as part of the standard armament of French and American line-of-battle ships in 1841.[18] In the Crimean War, six line-of-battle ships and two frigates of the Russian Black Sea Fleet destroyed seven Turkish frigates and three corvettes with explosive shells at the Battle of Sinop in 1853.[19] Later in the war, French ironclad floating batteries used similar weapons against the defenses at the Battle of Kinburn.[20]
Nevertheless, wooden-hulled ships stood up comparatively well to shells, as shown in the 1866 Battle of Lissa, where the modern Austrian steam two-decker SMS Kaiser ranged across a confused battlefield, rammed an Italian ironclad and took 80 hits from Italian ironclads,[21] many of which were shells,[22] but including at least one 300-pound shot at point-blank range. Despite losing her bowsprit and her foremast, and being set on fire, she was ready for action again the very next day.[23]
Iron armor and construction
HMS Warrior (1860), the Royal Navy's first ocean-going iron-hulled warship
The development of high-explosive shells made the use of iron armor plate on warships necessary. In 1859 France launched Gloire, the first ocean-going ironclad warship. She had the profile of a ship of the line, cut to one deck due to weight considerations. Although made of wood and reliant on sail for most journeys, Gloire was fitted with a propeller, and her wooden hull was protected by a layer of thick iron armor.[24] Gloire prompted further innovation from the Royal Navy, anxious to prevent France from gaining a technological lead.[citation needed]
The superior armored frigate Warrior followed Gloire by only 14 months, and both nations embarked on a program of building new ironclads and converting existing screw ships of the line to armored frigates.[25] Within two years, Italy, Austria, Spain and Russia had all ordered ironclad warships, and by the time of the famous clash of the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia at the Battle of Hampton Roads at least eight navies possessed ironclad ships.[2]
The French Redoutable, the first battleship to use steel as the main building material[26]
Navies experimented with the positioning of guns, in turrets (like the USS Monitor), central-batteries or barbettes, or with the ram as the principal weapon. As steam technology developed, masts were gradually removed from battleship designs. By the mid-1870s steel was used as a construction material alongside iron and wood. The French Navy's Redoutable, laid down in 1873 and launched in 1876, was a central battery and barbette warship which became the first battleship in the world to use steel as the principal building material.[27]
Pre-dreadnought battleship
Main article: Pre-dreadnought battleship
Pre-Dreadnought USS Texas, built in 1892, was the first battleship of the U.S. Navy. Photochrom print c. 1898.
The term "battleship" was officially adopted by the Royal Navy in the re-classification of 1892. By the 1890s, there was an increasing similarity between battleship designs, and the type that later became known as the 'pre-dreadnought battleship' emerged. These were heavily armored ships, mounting a mixed battery of guns in turrets, and without sails. The typical first-class battleship of the pre-dreadnought era displaced 15,000 to 17,000 tons, had a speed of 16 knots (30 km/h), and an armament of four 12-inch (305 mm) guns in two turrets fore and aft with a mixed-caliber secondary battery amidships around the superstructure.[1] An early design with superficial similarity to the pre-dreadnought is the British Devastation class of 1871.[28][29]
The slow-firing 12-inch (305 mm) main guns were the principal weapons for battleship-to-battleship combat. The intermediate and secondary batteries had two roles. Against major ships, it was thought a 'hail of fire' from quick-firing secondary weapons could distract enemy gun crews by inflicting damage to the superstructure, and they would be more effective against smaller ships such as cruisers. Smaller guns (12-pounders and smaller) were reserved for protecting the battleship against the threat of torpedo attack from destroyers and torpedo boats.[30]
The beginning of the pre-dreadnought era coincided with Britain reasserting her naval dominance. For many years previously, Britain had taken naval supremacy for granted. Expensive naval projects were criticized by political leaders of all inclinations.[2] However, in 1888 a war scare with France and the build-up of the Russian navy gave added impetus to naval construction, and the British Naval Defence Act of 1889 laid down a new fleet including eight new battleships. The principle that Britain's navy should be more powerful than the two next most powerful fleets combined was established. This policy was designed to deter France and Russia from building more battleships, but both nations nevertheless expanded their fleets with more and better pre-dreadnoughts in the 1890s.[2]
Diagram of HMS Agamemnon (1908), a typical late pre-dreadnought battleship
In the last years of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th, the escalation in the building of battleships became an arms race between Britain and Germany. The German naval laws of 1890 and 1898 authorized a fleet of 38 battleships, a vital threat to the balance of naval power.[2] Britain answered with further shipbuilding, but by the end of the pre-dreadnought era, British supremacy at sea had markedly weakened. In 1883, the United Kingdom had 38 battleships, twice as many as France and almost as many as the rest of the world put together. In 1897, Britain's lead was far smaller due to competition from France, Germany, and Russia, as well as the development of pre-dreadnought fleets in Italy, the United States and Japan.[31] The Ottoman Empire, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Chile and Brazil all had second-rate fleets led by armored cruisers, coastal defence ships or monitors.[32]
Pre-dreadnoughts continued the technical innovations of the ironclad. Turrets, armor plate, and steam engines were all improved over the years, and torpedo tubes were also introduced. A small number of designs, including the American Kearsarge and Virginia classes, experimented with all or part of the 8-inch intermediate battery superimposed over the 12-inch primary. Results were poor: recoil factors and blast effects resulted in the 8-inch battery being completely unusable, and the inability to train the primary and intermediate armaments on different targets led to significant tactical limitations. Even though such innovative designs saved weight (a key reason for their inception), they proved too cumbersome in practice.[33]
Dreadnought era
See also: Dreadnought
In 1906, the British Royal Navy launched the revolutionary HMS Dreadnought. Created as a result of pressure from Admiral Sir John ("Jackie") Fisher, HMS Dreadnought rendered existing battleships obsolete. Combining an "all-big-gun" armament of ten 12-inch (305 mm) guns with unprecedented speed (from steam turbine engines) and protection, she prompted navies worldwide to re-evaluate their battleship building programs. While the Japanese had laid down an all-big-gun battleship, Satsuma, in 1904[34] and the concept of an all-big-gun ship had been in circulation for several years, it had yet to be validated in combat. Dreadnought sparked a new arms race, principally between Britain and Germany but reflected worldwide, as the new class of warships became a crucial element of national power.[35]
Technical development continued rapidly through the dreadnought era, with steep changes in armament, armor and propulsion. Ten years after Dreadnought's commissioning, much more powerful ships, the super-dreadnoughts, were being built.
Origin
Vittorio Cuniberti
In the first years of the 20th century, several navies worldwide experimented with the idea of a new type of battleship with a uniform armament of very heavy guns.
Admiral Vittorio Cuniberti, the Italian Navy's chief naval architect, articulated the concept of an all-big-gun battleship in 1903. When the Regia Marina did not pursue his ideas, Cuniberti wrote an article in Jane's proposing an "ideal" future British battleship, a large armored warship of 17,000 tons, armed solely with a single calibre main battery (twelve 12-inch [305 mm] guns), carrying 300-millimetre (12 in) belt armor, and capable of 24 knots (44 km/h).[36]
The Russo-Japanese War provided operational experience to validate the "all-big-gun" concept. During the Battle of the Yellow Sea on August 10, 1904, Admiral Togo of the Imperial Japanese Navy commenced deliberate 12-inch gun fire at the Russian flagship Tzesarevich at 14,200 yards (13,000 meters).[37] At the Battle of Tsushima on May 27, 1905, Russian Admiral Rozhestvensky's flagship fired the first 12-inch guns at the Japanese flagship Mikasa at 7,000 meters.[38] It is often held that these engagements demonstrated the importance of the 12-inch (305 mm) gun over its smaller counterparts, though some historians take the view that secondary batteries were just as important as the larger weapons when dealing with smaller fast moving torpedo craft.[2] Such was the case, albeit unsuccessfully, when the Russian battleship Knyaz Suvorov at Tsushima had been sent to the bottom by destroyer launched torpedoes.[39] The 1903–04 design also retained traditional triple-expansion steam engines.[40]
A preliminary design for the Imperial Japanese Navy's Satsuma was an "all-big-gun" design.
As early as 1904, Jackie Fisher had been convinced of the need for fast, powerful ships with an all-big-gun armament. If Tsushima influenced his thinking, it was to persuade him of the need to standardise on 12-inch (305 mm) guns.[2] Fisher's concerns were submarines and destroyers equipped with torpedoes, then threatening to outrange battleship guns, making speed imperative for capital ships.[2] Fisher's preferred option was his brainchild, the battlecruiser: lightly armored but heavily armed with eight 12-inch guns and propelled to 25 knots (46 km/h) by steam turbines.[41]
It was to prove this revolutionary technology that Dreadnought was designed in January 1905, laid down in October 1905 and sped to completion by 1906. She carried ten 12-inch guns, had an 11-inch armor belt, and was the first large ship powered by turbines. She mounted her guns in five turrets; three on the centerline (one forward, two aft) and two on the wings, giving her at her launch twice the broadside of any other warship. She retained a number of 12-pound (3-inch, 76 mm) quick-firing guns for use against destroyers and torpedo-boats. Her armor was heavy enough for her to go head-to-head with any other ship in a gun battle, and conceivably win.[42]
HMS Dreadnought (1906)
Dreadnought was to have been followed by three Invincible-class battlecruisers, their construction delayed to allow lessons from Dreadnought to be used in their design. While Fisher may have intended Dreadnought to be the last Royal Navy battleship,[2] the design was so successful he found little support for his plan to switch to a battlecruiser navy. Although there were some problems with the ship (the wing turrets had limited arcs of fire and strained the hull when firing a full broadside, and the top of the thickest armor belt lay below the waterline at full load), the Royal Navy promptly commissioned another six ships to a similar design in the Bellerophon and St. Vincent classes.[citation needed]
An American design, South Carolina, authorized in 1905 and laid down in December 1906, was another of the first dreadnoughts, but she and her sister, Michigan, were not launched until 1908. Both used triple-expansion engines and had a superior layout of the main battery, dispensing with Dreadnought's wing turrets. They thus retained the same broadside, despite having two fewer guns.[43]
Arms race
See also: World War I naval arms race
In 1897, before the revolution in design brought about by HMS Dreadnought, the Royal Navy had 62 battleships in commission or building, a lead of 26 over France and 50 over Germany.[31] From the 1906 launching of Dreadnought, an arms race with major strategic consequences was prompted. Major naval powers raced to build their own dreadnoughts. Possession of modern battleships was not only seen as vital to naval power, but also, as with nuclear weapons after World War II, represented a nation's standing in the world.[2] Germany, France, Japan,[44] Italy, Austria, and the United States all began dreadnought programmes; while the Ottoman Empire, Argentina, Russia,[44] Brazil, and Chile commissioned dreadnoughts to be built in British and American yards.
World War I
See also: Naval warfare of World War I
German High Seas Fleet during World War I
By virtue of geography, the Royal Navy was able to use her imposing battleship and battlecruiser fleet to impose a strict and successful naval blockade of Germany and kept Germany's smaller battleship fleet bottled up in the North Sea: only narrow channels led to the Atlantic Ocean and these were guarded by British forces.[45] Both sides were aware that, because of the greater number of British dreadnoughts, a full fleet engagement would be likely to result in a British victory. The German strategy was therefore to try to provoke an engagement on their terms: either to induce a part of the Grand Fleet to enter battle alone, or to fight a pitched battle near the German coastline, where friendly minefields, torpedo-boats and submarines could be used to even the odds.[46] This did not happen, however, due in large part to the necessity to keep submarines for the Atlantic campaign. Submarines were the only vessels in the Imperial German Navy able to break out and raid British commerce in force, but even though they sank many merchant ships, they could not successfully counter-blockade the United Kingdom; the Royal Navy successfully adopted convoy tactics to combat Germany's submarine counter-blockade and eventually defeated it.[47] This was in stark contrast to Britain's successful blockade of Germany.
Britain's Grand Fleet
The first two years of war saw the Royal Navy's battleships and battlecruisers regularly "sweep" the North Sea making sure that no German ships could get in or out. Only a few German surface ships that were already at sea, such as the famous light cruiser SMS Emden, were able to raid commerce. Even some of those that did manage to get out were hunted down by battlecruisers, as in the Battle of the Falklands, December 7, 1914. The results of sweeping actions in the North Sea were battles including the Heligoland Bight and Dogger Bank and German raids on the English coast, all of which were attempts by the Germans to lure out portions of the Grand Fleet in an attempt to defeat the Royal Navy in detail. On May 31, 1916, a further attempt to draw British ships into battle on German terms resulted in a clash of the battlefleets in the Battle of Jutland.[48] The German fleet withdrew to port after two short encounters with the British fleet. Less than two months later, the Germans once again attempted to draw portions of the Grand Fleet into battle. The resulting Action of 19 August 1916 proved inconclusive. This reinforced German determination not to engage in a fleet to fleet battle.[49]
Warspite and Malaya at Jutland
In the other naval theatres there were no decisive pitched battles. In the Black Sea, engagement between Russian and Ottoman battleships was restricted to skirmishes. In the Baltic Sea, action was largely limited to the raiding of convoys, and the laying of defensive minefields; the only significant clash of battleship squadrons there was the Battle of Moon Sound at which one Russian pre-dreadnought was lost. The Adriatic was in a sense the mirror of the North Sea: the Austro-Hungarian dreadnought fleet remained bottled up by the British and French blockade. And in the Mediterranean, the most important use of battleships was in support of the amphibious assault on Gallipoli.[50]
In September 1914, the threat posed to surface ships by German U-boats was confirmed by successful attacks on British cruisers, including the sinking of three British armored cruisers by the German submarine SM U-9 in less than an hour. The British Super-dreadnought HMS Audacious soon followed suit as she struck a mine laid by a German U-boat in October 1914 and sank. The threat that German U-boats posed to British dreadnoughts was enough to cause the Royal Navy to change their strategy and tactics in the North Sea to reduce the risk of U-boat attack.[51] Further near-misses from submarine attacks on battleships and casualties amongst cruisers led to growing concern in the Royal Navy about the vulnerability of battleships.
As the war wore on however, it turned out that whilst submarines did prove to be a very dangerous threat to older pre-dreadnought battleships, as shown by examples such as the sinking of Mesûdiye, which was caught in the Dardanelles by a British submarine[52] and HMS Majestic and HMS Triumph were torpedoed by U-21 as well as HMS Formidable, HMS Cornwallis, HMS Britannia etc., the threat posed to dreadnought battleships proved to have been largely a false alarm. HMS Audacious turned out to be the only dreadnought sunk by a submarine in World War I.[47] While battleships were never intended for anti-submarine warfare, there was one instance of a submarine being sunk by a dreadnought battleship. HMS Dreadnought rammed and sank the German submarine U-29 on March 18, 1915, off the Moray Firth.[47]
The sinking of SMS Szent István, after being torpedoed by Italian motor boats
Whilst the escape of the German fleet from the superior British firepower at Jutland was effected by the German cruisers and destroyers successfully turning away the British battleships, the German attempt to rely on U-boat attacks on the British fleet failed.[53]
Torpedo boats did have some successes against battleships in World War I, as demonstrated by the sinking of the British pre-dreadnought HMS Goliath by Muâvenet-i Millîye during the Dardanelles Campaign and the destruction of the Austro-Hungarian dreadnought SMS Szent István by Italian motor torpedo boats in June 1918. In large fleet actions, however, destroyers and torpedo boats were usually unable to get close enough to the battleships to damage them.[citation needed] The only battleship sunk in a fleet action by either torpedo boats or destroyers was the obsolescent German pre-dreadnought SMS Pommern. She was sunk by destroyers during the night phase of the Battle of Jutland.[citation needed]
The German High Seas Fleet, for their part, were determined not to engage the British without the assistance of submarines; and since the submarines were needed more for raiding commercial traffic, the fleet stayed in port for much of the war.[54]
Inter-war period
For many years, Germany simply had no battleships. The Armistice with Germany required that most of the High Seas Fleet be disarmed and interned in a neutral port; largely because no neutral port could be found, the ships remained in British custody in Scapa Flow, Scotland. The Treaty of Versailles specified that the ships should be handed over to the British. Instead, most of them were scuttled by their German crews on June 21, 1919, just before the signature of the peace treaty. The treaty also limited the German Navy, and prevented Germany from building or possessing any capital ships.[55]
Profile drawing of HMS Nelson commissioned 1927
The inter-war period saw the battleship subjected to strict international limitations to prevent a costly arms race breaking out.[56]
Scrapping of battleships in the Philadelphia Navy Yard, Pennsylvania, in December 1923
While the victors were not limited by the Treaty of Versailles, many of the major naval powers were crippled after the war. Faced with the prospect of a naval arms race against the United Kingdom and Japan, which would in turn have led to a possible Pacific war, the United States was keen to conclude the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. This treaty limited the number and size of battleships that each major nation could possess, and required Britain to accept parity with the U.S. and to abandon the British alliance with Japan.[57] The Washington treaty was followed by a series of other naval treaties, including the First Geneva Naval Conference (1927), the First London Naval Treaty (1930), the Second Geneva Naval Conference (1932), and finally the Second London Naval Treaty (1936), which all set limits on major warships. These treaties became effectively obsolete on September 1, 1939, at the beginning of World War II, but the ship classifications that had been agreed upon still apply.[58] The treaty limitations meant that fewer new battleships were launched in 1919–1939 than in 1905–1914. The treaties also inhibited development by imposing upper limits on the weights of ships. Designs like the projected British N3-class battleship, the first American South Dakota class, and the Japanese Kii class—all of which continued the trend to larger ships with bigger guns and thicker armor—never got off the drawing board. Those designs which were commissioned during this period were referred to as treaty battleships.[59]
Rise of air power
Bombing tests which sank SMS Ostfriesland (1909), September 1921
As early as 1914, the British Admiral Percy Scott predicted that battleships would soon be made irrelevant by aircraft.[60] By the end of World War I, aircraft had successfully adopted the torpedo as a weapon.[61] In 1921 the Italian general and air theorist Giulio Douhet completed a hugely influential treatise on strategic bombing titled The Command of the Air, which foresaw the dominance of air power over naval units.
In the 1920s, General Billy Mitchell of the United States Army Air Corps, believing that air forces had rendered navies around the world obsolete, testified in front of Congress that "1,000 bombardment airplanes can be built and operated for about the price of one battleship" and that a squadron of these bombers could sink a battleship, making for more efficient use of government funds.[62] This infuriated the U.S. Navy, but Mitchell was nevertheless allowed to conduct a careful series of bombing tests alongside Navy and Marine bombers. In 1921, he bombed and sank numerous ships, including the "unsinkable" German World War I battleship SMS Ostfriesland and the American pre-dreadnought Alabama.[63]
Although Mitchell had required "war-time conditions", the ships sunk were obsolete, stationary, defenseless and had no damage control. The sinking of Ostfriesland was accomplished by violating an agreement that would have allowed Navy engineers to examine the effects of various munitions: Mitchell's airmen disregarded the rules, and sank the ship within minutes in a coordinated attack. The stunt made headlines, and Mitchell declared, "No surface vessels can exist wherever air forces acting from land bases are able to attack them." While far from conclusive, Mitchell's test was significant because it put proponents of the battleship against naval aviation on the defensive.[2] Rear Admiral William A. Moffett used public relations against Mitchell to make headway toward expansion of the U.S. Navy's nascent aircraft carrier program.[64]
Rearmament
The Royal Navy, United States Navy, and Imperial Japanese Navy extensively upgraded and modernized their World War I–era battleships during the 1930s. Among the new features were an increased tower height and stability for the optical rangefinder equipment (for gunnery control), more armor (especially around turrets) to protect against plunging fire and aerial bombing, and additional anti-aircraft weapons. Some British ships received a large block superstructure nicknamed the "Queen Anne's castle", such as in Queen Elizabeth and Warspite, which would be used in the new conning towers of the King George V-class fast battleships. External bulges were added to improve both buoyancy to counteract weight increase and provide underwater protection against mines and torpedoes. The Japanese rebuilt all of their battleships, plus their battlecruisers, with distinctive "pagoda" structures, though the Hiei received a more modern bridge tower that would influence the new Yamato class. Bulges were fitted, including steel tube arrays to improve both underwater and vertical protection along the waterline. The U.S. experimented with cage masts and later tripod masts, though after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor some of the most severely damaged ships (such as West Virginia and California) were rebuilt with tower masts, for an appearance similar to their Iowa-class contemporaries. Radar, which was effective beyond visual range and effective in complete darkness or adverse weather, was introduced to supplement optical fire control.[65]
Even when war threatened again in the late 1930s, battleship construction did not regain the level of importance it had held in the years before World War I. The "building holiday" imposed by the naval treaties meant the capacity of dockyards worldwide had shrunk, and the strategic position had changed.[66]
In Germany, the ambitious Plan Z for naval rearmament was abandoned in favor of a strategy of submarine warfare supplemented by the use of battlecruisers and commerce raiding (in particular by Bismarck-class battleships). In Britain, the most pressing need was for air defenses and convoy escorts to safeguard the civilian population from bombing or starvation, and re-armament construction plans consisted of five ships of the King George V class. It was in the Mediterranean that navies remained most committed to battleship warfare. France intended to build six battleships of the Dunkerque and Richelieu classes, and the Italians four Littorio-class ships. Neither navy built significant aircraft carriers. The U.S. preferred to spend limited funds on aircraft carriers until the South Dakota class. Japan, also prioritising aircraft carriers, nevertheless began work on three mammoth Yamatos (although the third, Shinano, was later completed as a carrier) and a planned fourth was cancelled.[13]
At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, the Spanish navy included only two small dreadnought battleships, España and Jaime I. España (originally named Alfonso XIII), by then in reserve at the northwestern naval base of El Ferrol, fell into Nationalist hands in July 1936. The crew aboard Jaime I remained loyal to the Republic, killed their officers, who apparently supported Franco's attempted coup, and joined the Republican Navy. Thus each side had one battleship; however, the Republican Navy generally lacked experienced officers. The Spanish battleships mainly restricted themselves to mutual blockades, convoy escort duties, and shore bombardment, rarely in direct fighting against other surface units.[67] In April 1937, España ran into a mine laid by friendly forces, and sank with little loss of life. In May 1937, Jaime I was damaged by Nationalist air attacks and a grounding incident. The ship was forced to go back to port to be repaired. There she was again hit by several aerial bombs. It was then decided to tow the battleship to a more secure port, but during the transport she suffered an internal explosion that caused 300 deaths and her total loss. Several Italian and German capital ships participated in the non-intervention blockade. On May 29, 1937, two Republican aircraft managed to bomb the German pocket battleship Deutschland outside Ibiza, causing severe damage and loss of life. Admiral Scheer retaliated two days later by bombarding Almería, causing much destruction, and the resulting Deutschland incident meant the end of German and Italian participation in non-intervention.[68]
World War II
Main article: Battleships in World War II
See also: List of battleships of the Second World War
Imperial Japanese Navy's Yamato, seen here under air attack in 1945, and her sister ship Musashi (1940) were the heaviest battleships in history.
Pennsylvania leading battleship Colorado and cruisers Louisville, Portland, and Columbia into Lingayen Gulf, Philippines, January 1945
The Schleswig-Holstein—an obsolete pre-dreadnought—fired the first shots of World War II with the bombardment of the Polish garrison at Westerplatte;[69] and the final surrender of the Japanese Empire took place aboard a United States Navy battleship, USS Missouri. Between those two events, it had become clear that aircraft carriers were the new principal ships of the fleet and that battleships now performed a secondary role.
Battleships played a part in major engagements in Atlantic, Pacific and Mediterranean theaters; in the Atlantic, the Germans used their battleships as independent commerce raiders. However, clashes between battleships were of little strategic importance. The Battle of the Atlantic was fought between destroyers and submarines, and most of the decisive fleet clashes of the Pacific war were determined by aircraft carriers.
In the first year of the war, armored warships defied predictions that aircraft would dominate naval warfare. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau surprised and sank the aircraft carrier Glorious off western Norway in June 1940.[70] This engagement marked the only time a fleet carrier was sunk by surface gunnery. In the attack on Mers-el-Kébir, British battleships opened fire on the French battleships in the harbor near Oran in Algeria with their heavy guns. The fleeing French ships were then pursued by planes from aircraft carriers.
The subsequent years of the war saw many demonstrations of the maturity of the aircraft carrier as a strategic naval weapon and its effectiveness against battleships. The British air attack on the Italian naval base at Taranto sank one Italian battleship and damaged two more. The same Swordfish torpedo bombers played a crucial role in sinking the German battleship Bismarck.
On December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. Within a short time, five of eight U.S. battleships were sunk or sinking, with the rest damaged. All three American aircraft carriers were out to sea, however, and evaded destruction. The sinking of the British battleship Prince of Wales and battlecruiser Repulse, demonstrated the vulnerability of a battleship to air attack while at sea without sufficient air cover, settling the argument begun by Mitchell in 1921. Both warships were under way and en route to attack the Japanese amphibious force that had invaded Malaya when they were caught by Japanese land-based bombers and torpedo bombers on December 10, 1941.[71]
Haruna attacked by U.S. Navy carrier aircraft at Kure air raid, 28 July 1945
At many of the early crucial battles of the Pacific, for instance Coral Sea and Midway, battleships were either absent or overshadowed as carriers launched wave after wave of planes into the attack at a range of hundreds of miles. In later battles in the Pacific, battleships primarily performed shore bombardment in support of amphibious landings and provided anti-aircraft defense as escort for the carriers. Even the largest battleships ever constructed, Japan's Yamato class, which carried a main battery of nine 18-inch (46 cm) guns and were designed as a principal strategic weapon, were never given a chance to show their potential in the decisive battleship action that figured in Japanese pre-war planning.[72]
The last battleship confrontation in history was the Battle of Surigao Strait, on October 25, 1944, in which a numerically and technically superior American battleship group destroyed a lesser Japanese battleship group by gunfire after it had already been devastated by destroyer torpedo attacks. All but one of the American battleships in this confrontation had previously been sunk during the attack on Pearl Harbor and subsequently raised and repaired. Mississippi fired the last major-caliber salvo of this battle.[73] In April 1945, during the battle for Okinawa, the world's most powerful battleship,[74] the Yamato, was sent out on a suicide mission against a massive U.S. force and sunk by overwhelming pressure from carrier aircraft with nearly all hands lost. After that, Japanese fleet remaining in the mainland was also destroyed by the US naval air force.
Cold War
Operation Crossroads
After World War II, several navies retained their existing battleships, but they were no longer strategically dominant military assets. It soon became apparent that they were no longer worth the considerable cost of construction and maintenance and only one new battleship was commissioned after the war, HMS Vanguard. During the war it had been demonstrated that battleship-on-battleship engagements like Leyte Gulf or the sinking of HMS Hood were the exception and not the rule, and with the growing role of aircraft engagement ranges were becoming longer and longer, making heavy gun armament irrelevant. The armor of a battleship was equally irrelevant in the face of a nuclear attack as tactical missiles with a range of 100 kilometres (60 mi) or more could be mounted on the Soviet Kildin-class destroyer and Whiskey-class submarines. By the end of the 1950s, smaller vessel classes such as destroyers, which formerly offered no noteworthy opposition to battleships, now were capable of eliminating battleships from outside the range of the ship's heavy guns.
The remaining battleships met a variety of ends. USS Arkansas and Nagato were sunk during the testing of nuclear weapons in Operation Crossroads in 1946. Both battleships proved resistant to nuclear air burst but vulnerable to underwater nuclear explosions.[75] The Giulio Cesare was taken by the Soviets as reparations and renamed Novorossiysk; she was sunk by a leftover German mine in the Black Sea on October 29, 1955. The two Andrea Doria-class ships were scrapped in 1956.[76] The French Lorraine was scrapped in 1954, Richelieu in 1968,[77] and Jean Bart in 1970.[78]
United States Battleship naval fleet in 1987, during the Cold War
The United Kingdom's four surviving King George V-class ships were scrapped in 1957,[79] and Vanguard followed in 1960.[80] All other surviving British battleships had been sold or broken up by 1949.[81] The Soviet Union's Marat was scrapped in 1953, Parizhskaya Kommuna in 1957 and Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya (back under her original name, Gangut, since 1942)[82] in 1956–57.[82] Brazil's Minas Geraes was scrapped in Genoa in 1953,[83] and her sister ship São Paulo sank during a storm in the Atlantic en route to the breakers in Italy in 1951.[83]
Argentina kept its two Rivadavia-class ships until 1956 and Chile kept Almirante Latorre (formerly HMS Canada) until 1959.[84] The Turkish battlecruiser Yavûz (formerly SMS Goeben, launched in 1911) was scrapped in 1976 after an offer to sell her back to Germany was refused. Sweden had several small coastal-defense battleships, one of which, HSwMS Gustav V, survived until 1970.[85] The Soviets scrapped four large incomplete cruisers in the late 1950s, whilst plans to build a number of new Stalingrad-class battlecruisers were abandoned following the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953.[86] The three old German battleships Schleswig-Holstein, Schlesien, and Hessen all met similar ends. Hessen was taken over by the Soviet Union and renamed Tsel. She was scrapped in 1960. Schleswig-Holstein was renamed Borodino, and was used as a target ship until 1960. Schlesien, too, was used as a target ship. She was broken up between 1952 and 1957.[87]
USS Missouri launches a Tomahawk missile during Operation Desert Storm.
The Iowa-class battleships gained a new lease of life in the U.S. Navy as fire support ships. Radar and computer-controlled gunfire could be aimed with pinpoint accuracy to target. The U.S. recommissioned all four Iowa-class battleships for the Korean War and the New Jersey for the Vietnam War. These were primarily used for shore bombardment, New Jersey firing nearly 6,000 rounds of 16 inch shells and over 14,000 rounds of 5 inch projectiles during her tour on the gunline,[88] seven times more rounds against shore targets in Vietnam than she had fired in the Second World War.[89]
As part of Navy Secretary John F. Lehman's effort to build a 600-ship Navy in the 1980s, and in response to the commissioning of Kirov by the Soviet Union, the United States recommissioned all four Iowa-class battleships. On several occasions, battleships were support ships in carrier battle groups, or led their own battleship battle group. These were modernized to carry Tomahawk (TLAM) missiles, with New Jersey seeing action bombarding Lebanon in 1983 and 1984, while Missouri and Wisconsin fired their 16-inch (406 mm) guns at land targets and launched missiles during Operation Desert Storm in 1991. Wisconsin served as the TLAM strike commander for the Persian Gulf, directing the sequence of launches that marked the opening of Desert Storm, firing a total of 24 TLAMs during the first two days of the campaign. The primary threat to the battleships were Iraqi shore-based surface-to-surface missiles; Missouri was targeted by two Iraqi Silkworm missiles, with one missing and another being intercepted by the British destroyer HMS Gloucester.[90]
End of the battleship era
The American Texas (1912) is the only preserved example of a Dreadnought-type battleship that dates to the time of the original HMS Dreadnought.
After Indiana was stricken in 1962, the four Iowa-class ships were the only battleships in commission or reserve anywhere in the world. There was an extended debate when the four Iowa ships were finally decommissioned in the early 1990s. USS Iowa and USS Wisconsin were maintained to a standard whereby they could be rapidly returned to service as fire support vessels, pending the development of a superior fire support vessel. These last two battleships were finally stricken from the U.S. Naval Vessel Register in 2006.[91][92][93] The Military Balance and Russian Foreign Military Review states the U.S. Navy listed one battleship in the reserve (Naval Inactive Fleet/Reserve 2nd Turn) in 2010.[94][95] The Military Balance states the U.S. Navy listed no battleships in the reserve in 2014.[96]
When the last Iowa-class ship was finally stricken from the Naval Vessel Registry, no battleships remained in service or in reserve with any navy worldwide. A number are preserved as museum ships, either afloat or in drydock. The U.S. has eight battleships on display: Massachusetts, North Carolina, Alabama, Iowa, New Jersey, Missouri, Wisconsin, and Texas. Missouri and New Jersey are museums at Pearl Harbor and Camden, New Jersey, respectively. Iowa is on display as an educational attraction at the Los Angeles Waterfront in San Pedro, California. Wisconsin now serves as a museum ship in Norfolk, Virginia.[97] Massachusetts, which has the distinction of never having lost a man during service, is on display at the Battleship Cove naval museum in Fall River, Massachusetts.[98] Texas, the first battleship turned into a museum, is normally on display at the San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site, near Houston, but as of 2021 is closed for repairs.[99] North Carolina is on display in Wilmington, North Carolina. Alabama is on display in Mobile, Alabama. The wreck of Arizona, sunk during the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941, is designated a historical landmark and national gravesite. The wreck of Utah, also sunk during the attack, is a historic landmark.
The only other 20th-century battleship on display is the Japanese pre-dreadnought Mikasa. A replica of the ironclad battleship Dingyuan was built by the Weihai Port Bureau in 2003 and is on display in Weihai, China.[citation needed]
Former battleships that were previously used as museum ships included USS Oregon (BB-3), SMS Tegetthoff, and SMS Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand.
Strategy and doctrine
Doctrine
USS Iowa fires a full broadside of her nine 16″/50 and six 5″/38 guns during a target exercise.
Battleships were the embodiment of sea power. For American naval officer Alfred Thayer Mahan and his followers, a strong navy was vital to the success of a nation, and control of the seas was vital for the projection of force on land and overseas. Mahan's theory, proposed in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783 of 1890, dictated the role of the battleship was to sweep the enemy from the seas.[100] While the work of escorting, blockading, and raiding might be done by cruisers or smaller vessels, the presence of the battleship was a potential threat to any convoy escorted by any vessels other than capital ships. This concept of "potential threat" can be further generalized to the mere existence (as opposed to presence) of a powerful fleet tying the opposing fleet down. This concept came to be known as a "fleet in being"—an idle yet mighty fleet forcing others to spend time, resource and effort to actively guard against it.[citation needed]
Mahan went on to say victory could only be achieved by engagements between battleships, which came to be known as the decisive battle doctrine in some navies, while targeting merchant ships (commerce raiding or guerre de course, as posited by the Jeune École) could never succeed.[101]
Mahan was highly influential in naval and political circles throughout the age of the battleship,[2][102] calling for a large fleet of the most powerful battleships possible. Mahan's work developed in the late 1880s, and by the end of the 1890s it had acquired much international influence on naval strategy;[2] in the end, it was adopted by many major navies (notably the British, American, German, and Japanese). The strength of Mahanian opinion was important in the development of the battleships arms races, and equally important in the agreement of the Powers to limit battleship numbers in the interwar era.[citation needed]
The "fleet in being" suggested battleships could simply by their existence tie down superior enemy resources. This in turn was believed to be able to tip the balance of a conflict even without a battle. This suggested even for inferior naval powers a battleship fleet could have important strategic effect.[citation needed]
Tactics
While the role of battleships in both World Wars reflected Mahanian doctrine, the details of battleship deployment were more complex. Unlike ships of the line, the battleships of the late 19th and early 20th centuries had significant vulnerability to torpedoes and mines—because efficient mines and torpedoes did not exist before that[103]—which could be used by relatively small and inexpensive craft. The Jeune École doctrine of the 1870s and 1880s recommended placing torpedo boats alongside battleships; these would hide behind the larger ships until gun-smoke obscured visibility enough for them to dart out and fire their torpedoes.[2] While this tactic was made less effective by the development of smokeless propellant, the threat from more capable torpedo craft (later including submarines) remained. By the 1890s, the Royal Navy had developed the first destroyers, which were initially designed to intercept and drive off any attacking torpedo boats. During the First World War and subsequently, battleships were rarely deployed without a protective screen of destroyers.[104]
Battleship doctrine emphasized the concentration of the battlegroup. In order for this concentrated force to be able to bring its power to bear on a reluctant opponent (or to avoid an encounter with a stronger enemy fleet), battlefleets needed some means of locating enemy ships beyond horizon range. This was provided by scouting forces; at various stages battlecruisers, cruisers, destroyers, airships, submarines and aircraft were all used. (With the development of radio, direction finding and traffic analysis would come into play, as well, so even shore stations, broadly speaking, joined the battlegroup.[105]) So for most of their history, battleships operated surrounded by squadrons of destroyers and cruisers. The North Sea campaign of the First World War illustrates how, despite this support, the threat of mine and torpedo attack, and the failure to integrate or appreciate the capabilities of new techniques,[106] seriously inhibited the operations of the Royal Navy Grand Fleet, the greatest battleship fleet of its time.
Strategic and diplomatic impact
The presence of battleships had a great psychological and diplomatic impact. Similar to possessing nuclear weapons today, the ownership of battleships served to enhance a nation's force projection.[2]
Even during the Cold War, the psychological impact of a battleship was significant. In 1946, USS Missouri was dispatched to deliver the remains of the ambassador from Turkey, and her presence in Turkish and Greek waters staved off a possible Soviet thrust into the Balkan region.[107] In September 1983, when Druze militia in Lebanon's Shouf Mountains fired upon U.S. Marine peacekeepers, the arrival of USS New Jersey stopped the firing. Gunfire from New Jersey later killed militia leaders.[108]
Value for money
Battleships were the largest and most complex, and hence the most expensive warships of their time; as a result, the value of investment in battleships has always been contested. As the French politician Etienne Lamy wrote in 1879, "The construction of battleships is so costly, their effectiveness so uncertain and of such short duration, that the enterprise of creating an armored fleet seems to leave fruitless the perseverance of a people".[103] The Jeune École school of thought of the 1870s and 1880s sought alternatives to the crippling expense and debatable utility of a conventional battlefleet. It proposed what would nowadays be termed a sea denial strategy, based on fast, long-ranged cruisers for commerce raiding and torpedo boat flotillas to attack enemy ships attempting to blockade French ports. The ideas of the Jeune École were ahead of their time; it was not until the 20th century that efficient mines, torpedoes, submarines, and aircraft were available that allowed similar ideas to be effectively implemented.[103] The determination of powers such as Germany to build battlefleets with which to confront much stronger rivals has been criticized by historians, who emphasise the futility of investment in a battlefleet that has no chance of matching its opponent in an actual battle.[2]
Former operators
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Imperial Chinese Navy: lost its two Dingyuan-class battleships Dingyuan and Zhenyuan during the Battle of Weihaiwei in 1895.
Austro-Hungarian Navy: lost its entire navy following the collapse of the Empire at the end of World War I.
Royal Yugoslav Navy: its only battleship, KB Jugoslavija, was sunk by Italian frogmen during the 1918 Raid on Pula.
Navy of the Ukrainian People's Republic: lost its entire navy upon its conquest by the Bolsheviks in 1921.
Turkish Naval Forces: sole surviving battleship TCG Turgut Reis was decommissioned in 1933.
Spanish Navy: lost its two surviving España-class battleships during the Spanish Civil War, both in 1937.
Royal Hellenic Navy: lost its two Mississippi-class battleships during the German bombing of Salamis in 1941.
Kriegsmarine: scuttled its two surviving Deutschland-class battleships in 1945, during the closing months of World War II.
Imperial Japanese Navy: surrendered its sole surviving battleship, Nagato to the United States following World War II.
Brazilian Navy: decommissioned its last battleship Minas Geraes in 1952.
Italian Navy: decommissioned its two Andrea Doria-class battleships in 1953.
Soviet Navy: decommissioned its last two Gangut-class battleships in 1956.
Argentine Navy: decommissioned its last battleship ARA Rivadavia in 1957.
Chilean Navy: decommissioned its last battleship, Almirante Latorre in 1958.
Royal Navy: decommissioned its last battleship, HMS Vanguard in 1960.
French Navy: decommissioned its last battleship, Jean Bart in 1970.
United States Navy: decommissioned its last battleship USS Missouri in 1992. She was the last active battleship of any navy.
See also
Arsenal ship
List of battleships
List of sunken battleships
List of ships of World War II
List of battleships of World War I
List of battleships of World War II
Notes
Stoll, J. Steaming in the Dark?, Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol. 36 No. 2, June 1992.
Sondhaus, L. Naval Warfare 1815–1914, ISBN 0-415-21478-5.
Herwig pp. 35, 41, 42.
Mahan 1890/Dover 1987 pp. 2, 3.
Preston 1982, p. 24.
Corbett (2015) Vol. II, pp. 332, 333, "So was consummated perhaps the most decisive and complete naval victory in history"
Breyer p. 115.
Massie (1991) p. 471.
Friedman (2013) p. 68, Captain Pakenham, British observer at Tsushima; "...When 12 inch guns are firing, 10 inch guns go unnoticed...Everything in this war has tended to emphasise the vast importance to a ship...of carrying some of the heaviest and furthest-shooting guns that can be got into her."
Corbett (2015) Vol. 1, pp. 380, 381; the Russians turned back after Admiral Vitgeft was killed aboard his flagship, the battleship Tzesarevich; to remain bottled up in Port Arthur, pending arrival of the Russian Baltic Fleet in 1905. Known as the Battle of August 10 in Russia.
Jeremy Black, "Jutland's Place in History", Naval History (June 2016) 30#3 pp. 16–21.
O'Connell, Robert J. (1993). Sacred vessels: the cult of the battleship and the rise of the U.S. Navy. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508006-3. [page needed]
Lenton, H. T.: Krigsfartyg efter 1860
"battleship" The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. OED Online. Oxford University Press. April 4, 2000.
"Napoleon (90 guns), the first purpose-designed screw line of battleships", Steam, Steel and Shellfire, Conway's History of the Ship, p. 39.
"Hastened to completion Le Napoleon was launched on May 16, 1850, to become the world's first true steam battleship", Steam, Steel and Shellfire, Conway's History of the Ship, p. 39.
Lambert, Andrew (1984). Battleships in Transition, Conway, ISBN 0-85177-315-X pp. 144–47.
In addition, the Navy of the North Germany Confederacy (which included Prussia) bought HMS Renown from Britain in 1870 for use as a gunnery training ship.
"The canon-obusier [shell gun] originally constructed by Colonel Paixhans for the French Naval Service ... was subsequently designated the canon-obusier of 80, No 1 of 1841 ... the diameter of the bore is 22 centimetres (8.65 inches)." From Douglas, Sir Howard, A Treatise on Naval Gunnery 1855 (Conway Maritime Press, 1982; reprinting 1855 edition), p. 201 ISBN 0-85177-275-7. The British undertook trials with shell guns at HMS Excellent starting in 1832. A Treatise on Naval Gunnery 1855, p. 198.
For the U.S. introduction of 8-inch shell guns into the armament of line-of-battle ships in 1841, see Spencer Tucker, Arming the Fleet, US Navy Ordnance in the Muzzle-Loading Era (U.S. Naval Institute Pres, 1989), p. 149. ISBN 0-87021-007-6.
Lambert, Andrew D, The Crimean War, British Grand Strategy Against Russia, 1853–56, Manchester University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-7190-3564-3, pp. 60–61.
Lambert, Andrew: Battleships in Transition, pp. 92–96.
Clowes, William Laird, Four Modern Naval Campaigns, Unit Library, 1902, republished Cornmarket Press, 1970, ISBN 0-7191-2020-9, p. 68.
Clowes, William Laird. Four Modern Naval Campaigns, pp. 54–55, 63.
Wilson, H. W. Ironclads in Action – Vol 1, London, 1898, p. 240.
Gibbons, Tony. The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships, pp. 28–29.
Gibbons, pp. 30–31.
Gibbons, p. 93.
Conway Marine, "Steam, Steel and Shellfire", p. 96.
Gibbons, Tony: The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships, p. 101.
Beeler, John (2001). Birth of the battleship: British capital ship design 1870–1881. Annapoli, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 224. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
Hill, Richard. War at Sea in the Ironclad Age, ISBN 0-304-35273-X. [page needed]
Kennedy 1983, p. 209.
Preston 1989, p. [page needed].
Preston, Antony (1972). Battleships of World War I. New York: Galahad Books. ISBN 0883653001.[page needed]
Gibbons, p. 168.
Burgess; Heilbrun, Edwin; Margaret (January 11, 2013). "Dreadnaught: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War". Library Journal. 138 (18): 53. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
Cuniberti, Vittorio, "An Ideal Battleship for the British Fleet", All The World's Fighting Ships, 1903, pp. 407–09.
Corbett (2015) Vol. 1 pp. 380, 381
Corbett (2015) Vol. II p. 246
Corbett (2015) Vol. II p. 445.
Evans and Peattie, Kaigun, p. 159.
Burr, Lawrence (2006). British Battlecruisers 1914–18. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-1-84603-008-6.
Gibbons, pp. 170–71.
"The Battleship Dreadnought: Technological, Economic and Strategic Contexts", The Dreadnought and the Edwardian Age, Routledge, pp. 179–196, December 5, 2016, doi:10.4324/9781315240213-21, ISBN 9781315240213, retrieved September 24, 2023
Ireland, Bernard Janes War at Sea, p. 66.
Gilbert, Adrian (2000). The encyclopedia of warfare: from earliest time to the present day, Part 25. Taylor & Francis. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-57958-216-6. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
Keegan, p. 289.
"Are Battleships Obsolete?". the Wells Brothers. 2001. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
Ireland, Bernard: Jane's War At Sea, pp. 88–95.
Padfield 1972, p. 240.
Andrew Marr's The Making of Modern Britain Episode 3.
Massie, Robert. Castles of Steel, London, 2005. pp. 127–45.
Compton-Hall, Richard (2004). Submarines at War 1914–18. Periscope Publishing Ltd. pp. 155–62. ISBN 978-1-904381-21-1.
Massie, Robert. Castles of Steel, London, 2005. pp. 675.
Kennedy 1983, pp. 247–249.
Ireland, Bernard: Jane's War At Sea, p. 118.
Friedman, Norman. U.S. Battleships, pp. 181–82.
Kennedy 1983, p. 277.
Ireland, Bernard. Jane's War at Sea, pp. 124–26, 139–42.
Sumrall, Robert. The Battleship and Battlecruiser, in Gardiner, R: The Eclipse of the Big Gun. Conway Maritime, London. ISBN 0-85177-607-8. pp. 25–28.
Kennedy 1983, p. 199.
From the Guinness Book of Air Facts and Feats (3rd edition, 1977): "The first air attack using a torpedo dropped by an aeroplane was carried out by Flight Commander Charles H. K. Edmonds, flying a Short 184 seaplane from HMS Ben-my-Chree on August 12, 1915, against a 5,000 ton (5,080 tonne) Turkish supply ship in the Sea of Marmara. Although the enemy ship was hit and sunk, the captain of a British submarine claimed to have fired a torpedo simultaneously and sunk the ship. It was further stated that the British submarine E14 had attacked and immobilised the ship four days earlier. However, on August 17, 1915, another Turkish ship was sunk by a torpedo of whose origin there can be no doubt. On this occasion Flight Commander C. H. Edmonds, flying a Short 184, torpedoed a Turkish steamer a few miles north of the Dardanelles. His formation colleague, Flight Lieutenant G. B. Dacre, was forced to land on the water owing to engine trouble but, seeing an enemy tug close by, taxied up to it and released his torpedo. The tug blew up and sank. Thereafter, Dacre was able to take off and return to the Ben-my-Chree."
Boyne, Walter J. "The Spirit of Billy Mitchell" Archived June 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Air Force Magazine, June 1996.
"Vice Admiral Alfred Wilkinson Johnson, USN Ret. The Naval Bombing Experiments: Bombing Operations (1959)". History.navy.mil. Archived from the original on April 9, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2009.
Jeffers, H. Paul (2006). Billy Mitchell: The Life, Times, and Battles of America's Prophet of Air Power. Zenith Press. ISBN 0-7603-2080-2. [page needed]
"CombinedFleet.com". Combinedfleet.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2009.
Fuller, John (1945). Armament and history; a study of the influence of armament on history from the dawn of classical warfare to the second World War [by] Major General J.F.C. Fuller. New York: Scribner's Sons. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
Gibbons, p. 195.
Greger, René. Schlachtschiffe der Welt, p. 251.
Gibbons, p. 163.
Gibbons, pp. 246–47.
Axell, Albert: Kamikaze, p. 14.
Gibbons, pp. 262–63.
Samuel Eliot Morison, History of US Naval Operations in World War II Vol. 12, Leyte, p. 226.
Jentschura, Dieter, Mickel p. 39.
Operation 'Crossroads' – the Bikini A-bomb tests, in Ireland, Bernard (1996). Jane's Battleships of the 20th Century. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 186–87. ISBN 978-0-00-470997-0.
Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (technical assistance from Bill Gunston, Antony Preston, & Ian Hogg) Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare. London: Phoebus, 1978, Volume 2, p. 114.
Fitzsimons, Volume 20, p. 2213, "Richelieu". No mention of her sister, Jean Bart.
Gardiner, Robert (Ed.); (1980); Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946; ISBN 0-85177-146-7; p. 260.
Fitzsimons, Volume 15, p. 1636, "King George V"
Fitzsimons, Volume 23, p. 2554, "Vanguard"
Gardiner, pp. 7, 14.
Fitzsimons, Volume 10, p. 1086, "Gangut"
Fitzsimons, Volume 17, p. 1896, "Minas Gerais"
Fitzsimons, Volume 1, p. 84, "Almirante Latorre"
Gardiner, p. 368.
McLaughlin, Stephen (2006). Jordan, John (ed.). Project 82: The Stalingrad Class. Warship 2006. London: Conway. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-84486-030-2.
Gardiner, p. 222.
Polmar, p. 129.
History of World Seapower, Bernard Brett, ISBN 0-603-03723-2, p. 236.
"Global Defence Review : Defence Power". April 26, 2009. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009.
Naval Vessel Register for BB61. U.S. Navy, December 14, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
Naval Vessel Register for BB64. U.S. Navy, April 30, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
"Iowa Class Battleship". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on May 31, 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
The Military Balance 2010. Routledge for The International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2010. ISBN 978-1857435573 – via Google Books.
"TARGET&ЗВО". Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
The Military Balance 2014. Routledge for The International The International Institute of Strategic Studies. 2014. ISBN 978-1857437225. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2021 – via Google Books.
"WCBC files lawsuit" Archived April 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Associated Press. April 14, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
"Battleship Cove: Exhibits". USS Massachusetts Memorial Committee. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
"Battleship Updates". The Battleship Texas Foundation. October 9, 1921. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
Massie, Robert K. Castles of Steel, London, 2005. ISBN 1-84413-411-3. [page needed]
Mahan, A.T., Captain, U.S. Navy. Influence of Sea Power on History, 1660–1783. Boston: Little Brown, passim.
Kennedy 1983, pp. 2, 200, 206.
Dahl, Erik J. (Autumn 2005). "Net-Centric before its time: The Jeune École and Its Lessons for Today". Naval War College Review. 58 (4). Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
"Battleships, Mines, and Torpedoes". Canadian Magazine. 22: 501–02. March 1904. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
It could presage an enemy sortie, or locate an enemy over the horizon. Beesly, Patrick. Room 40 (London: Hamish Hamilton)
Beesly. [page needed]
"USS Missouri". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval Historical Center. Archived from the original on April 9, 2010. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
"USS New Jersey". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
References
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Brown, D. K. (2003). Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905. Book Sales. ISBN 978-1-84067-529-0.
Brown, D. K. (2003). The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922. Caxton Editions. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-84067-531-3.
Brunila, Kai; et al. (2000). Finland i krig 1940–1944 – andra delen (in Swedish). Espoo, Finland: Schildts förlag Ab. p. 285. ISBN 978-951-50-1140-4.
Burr, Lawrence (2006). British Battlecruisers 1914–18. New Vanguard No. 126. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-008-6.
Corbett, Sir Julian. "Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905." (1994). Originally Classified and in two volumes. ISBN 1-55750-129-7.
Corbett, Sir Julian. "Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905." Volume I (2015) Originally published in January 1914. Naval Institute Press ISBN 978-1-59114-197-6
Corbett, Sir Julian. "Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905." Volume II (2015) Originally published in October 1915. Naval Institute Press ISBN 978-1-59114-198-3
Friedman, Norman (1984). U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated History. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-715-9.
Friedman, Norman (2013). "Naval Firepower, Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnaught Era." Seaforth Publishing, Great Britain. ISBN 978-1-84832-185-4
Gray, Randal (1985). Gardiner, Robert (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Naval Institute Press. p. 439. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8.
Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-146-5.
Gardiner, Robert; Lambert, Andrew, eds. (2001). Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The steam warship 1815–1905 – Conway's History of the Ship. Book Sales. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-7858-1413-9.
Gibbons, Tony (1983). The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships and Battlecruisers – A Technical Directory of all the World's Capital Ships from 1860 to the Present Day. London: Salamander Books Ltd. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-517-37810-6.
Greger, René (1993). Schlachtschiffe der Welt (in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. p. 260. ISBN 978-3-613-01459-6.
Ireland, Bernard and Grove, Eric (1997). Jane's War at Sea 1897–1997. London: Harper Collins Publishers. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-00-472065-4.
Jacobsen, Alf R. (2005). Dödligt angrepp – miniubåtsräden mot slagskeppet Tirpitz (in Swedish). Stockholm: Natur & Kultur. p. 282. ISBN 978-91-27-09897-8.
Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; Mickel, Peter (1976). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-893-4.
Keegan, John (1999). The First World War. Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6645-9.
Kennedy, Paul M. (1983). The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery. London. ISBN 978-0-333-35094-2.
Lambert, Andrew (1984). Battleships in Transition – The Creation of the Steam Battlefleet 1815–1860. London: Conway Maritime Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-85177-315-5.
Lenton, H. T. (1971). Krigsfartyg efter 1860 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Forum AB. p. 160.
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Massie, Robert (2005). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-1-84413-411-3.
O'Connell, Robert L. (1991). Sacred Vessels: the Cult of the Battleship and the Rise of the U.S. Navy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-1116-6.
Padfield, Peter (1972). The Battleship Era. London: Military Book Society. OCLC 51245970.
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Wilson, H. W. (1898). Ironclads in Action – Vol 1. London.
Zetterling, Niklas; et al. (2004). Bismarck – Kampen om Atlanten (in Swedish). Stockholm: Nordstedts förlag. p. 312. ISBN 978-91-1-301288-9.
Further reading
Breyer, Siegfried (1973). Battleships and Battlecruisers of the world, 1905–1970. London: Macdonald/Jane's. ISBN 978-0-356-04191-9.
Herwig, Holger (1980). Luxury Fleet, The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918. Ashfield Press. ISBN 978-0-948660-03-0.
Mahan, Alred Thayer. Reflections, Historic and Other, Suggested by the Battle of the Japan Sea. By Captain A. T. Mahan, US Navy. US Naval Proceedings magazine; June 1906, volume XXXIV, number 2. United States Naval Institute Press.
Massie, Robert (1991). Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War. Random House, NY. ISBN 978-0-394-52833-5.
Taylor, Bruce, ed. The world of the battleship: The design and careers of capital ships of the world's navies, 1900–1950 (US Naval Institute Press, 2017). 224 pp. ISBN 978-1-848-32178-6.
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Amphibious transport dock Amphibious warfare ship Attack transport Dock landing ship Landing craft Landing craft carrier Landing Craft Support Landing Ship Heavy Landing ship, infantry Landing Ship Logistics Landing Ship Medium Landing Ship, Tank Landing Ship Vehicle Troopship
Patrol craft
Armed boarding steamer Armed yacht Coastal motor boat Corvette Gunboat Harbour defence motor launch Motor Launch Naval drifter Naval trawler Ocean boarding vessel Patrol boat Q-ship Steam gun boat Submarine chaser Torpedo boat
Fast attack craft
E-boat MAS MGB Missile boat MTB MTM MTSM PT boat Shin'yō
Mine warfare
Danlayer Destroyer minesweeper Mine countermeasures vessel Mine planter Minehunter Minelayer Minesweeper
Command and support
Amenities ship Ammunition ship Auxiliary repair dock Auxiliary ship Collier Combat stores ship Command ship Crane vessel Depot ship Destroyer tender Dispatch boat Fast combat support ship General stores issue ship Hospital ship Joint support ship Naval tugboat Net laying ship Repair ship Replenishment oiler Submarine tender
Submarines
Attack submarine Ballistic missile submarine Coastal submarine Cruise missile submarine Cruiser submarine Deep-submergence vehicle
DSRV Fleet submarine Human torpedo Midget submarine U-boat Wet sub
Miscellaneous
Armed merchantman Arsenal ship Barracks ship Breastwork monitor Capital ship Flagship Floating battery Guard ship Littoral combat ship Monitor Mother ship River monitor Training ship
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Post by mahdirannabiran18 on Apr 25, 2024 22:10:31 GMT 11
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ENDDDDDDDDENDDDDDDEADENDS!@#@!MEMORYTOTHE WORLD!?-PERFECT VERSE-=+=+=_-++-INTJ ESFJ INTP INTJ ENTJ-++_---_+_+-=-=]123.321$$%=
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ENDDDDDDDDENDDDDDDEADENDS!@#@!MEMORYTOTHE WORLD!?-PERFECT VERSE-=+=+=_-++--PERFECT VILLAINS=INFJ ENFJ ENTJ ESFJ INTP=172.177="-V VILLAIN-"
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S+++R
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